Doctor MJ

Tuberculosis of the breast is a rare manifestation of localized extrapulmonary disease. Generally occurs in women of reproductive age, multipara, breastfeeding and occurs because of resistance of breast tissue to mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of the breast is rare because the organs or breast tissue are more resistant to infection, making multiplication of tubercle bacilli difficult. But the disease must remain aware. Immunodeficiencies such as HIV infection are at risk of causing breast tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of the breast usually affects women aged 20-50 years with an increased risk in breastfeeding women. Breastfeeding women have an increased blood supply to the breast and dilated ducts, making the breast tissue more susceptible to lacerations and infection. Tuberculosis of the breast is classified into three types : Nodular variety. Disseminated. Sclerosis. Classification of breast tuberculosis (McKeown and Wilkinson) : Nodular tubercular mastitis. Disseminated or co

Meningiomas are brain tumors of the meninges that line the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Intracranial tumors are the most common in adults. Meningiomas are most common at the age of 30-70 years. There are 3 classifications of meningiomas based on their pathology : Grade I (benign) ️➡️ Meningiothelial. Fibrous (fibroblastic). Transitional (mixed). Psammomatous. Angiomatous. Microcystic. Secretory. Lymphoplasmacyte-rich. Metaplastic. Grade II (atypical) ️➡️ Choroid. Clear lear cells. Atypical. Grade III (malignant) ️➡️ Papillary. Rhabdoid. Anaplastic. Meningiomas etiology. The cause of meningiomas is still undecided. Gene mutations associated with meningiomas : NF2 deletion and inactivation on chromosome 22. Other genes (NF1, PTCH, CREBBP, VHL, PTEN and CDKN2A). Risk factors : Radiation (ionizing radiation). Hormone. Head trauma. Cellphone use. Family history of meningiomas. Signs and symptoms : Headache. Sleepy. Seizures. Loss of hearing. Tinnitus. Progressive focal n

The highest mortality rate for HIV-infected infants is due to the rapid progression of HIV infection in infants <1 year of age. Infants infected with perinatal HIV will mostly die before the age of 2 years, but the risk of death begins to decline at the age of > 5 years. Indications for starting antiretroviral therapy in children < 10 years. Several studies have shown that early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in children can reduce mortality by up to 75%. Antiretroviral therapy should be given to all HIV-infected children regardless of clinical stage and immunosuppressed status : HIV-infected children diagnosed before 1 year of age. HIV-infected children aged > 1-10 years. Antiretroviral therapy in children. Antiretroviral therapy in children is divided into : Age < 3 years. Age 3-10 years. The pathogenesis of perinatal HIV infection is different from that in adults. The viral load-set point in perinatally infected infants can be many times higher, therefore optimi

Mucormycosis is an infection of the Mucormycetes group of fungi in the order mucorales. Mucormycetes fungal species that infect humans : Rhizopus species and Mucor species. Rhizomucor species. Syncephalastrum species. Cunninghamella bertholletiae. Apophysomyces. Lichtheimia/Absidia. Saksenaea. Mucormycetes natural habitat : Soil. Rotten material. Leaf.  Compost. Rotting wood. 70%-80% of Mucormycosis infections in humans are caused by the genus Rhizopus and are followed by Mucor and Lichtheimia. Based on the clinical, Mucormycosis is divided into 5 major clinical : Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Pulmonary mucormycosis. Cutaneous mucormycosis. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis. Disseminated mucormycosis. Symptoms of Mucormycosis infection depend on the location of the infection. Symptoms of Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis (sinuses and brain) : Swollen face on one side. Headache. Nasal and sinus congestion. Black lesions on the bridge of the nose or the inside of the mouth that develop progressively.