Mucormycosis is an infection of the Mucormycetes group of fungi in the order mucorales.
Mucormycetes fungal species that infect humans :
- Rhizopus species and Mucor species.
- Rhizomucor species.
- Syncephalastrum species.
- Cunninghamella bertholletiae.
- Apophysomyces.
- Lichtheimia/Absidia.
- Saksenaea.
Mucormycetes natural habitat :
- Soil.
- Rotten material.
- Leaf.
- Compost.
- Rotting wood.
70%-80% of Mucormycosis infections in humans are caused by the genus Rhizopus and are followed by Mucor and Lichtheimia.
Based on the clinical, Mucormycosis is divided into 5 major clinical :
- Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.
- Pulmonary mucormycosis.
- Cutaneous mucormycosis.
- Gastrointestinal mucormycosis.
- Disseminated mucormycosis.
Symptoms of Mucormycosis infection depend on the location of the infection.
Symptoms of Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis (sinuses and brain) :
- Swollen face on one side.
- Headache.
- Nasal and sinus congestion.
- Black lesions on the bridge of the nose or the inside of the mouth that develop progressively.
- Fever.
Symptoms of Pulmonary Mucormycosis :
- Fever.
- Cough.
- Chest pain.
- Out of breath.
Symptoms of Cutaneous Mucormycosis :
- The appearance of efflorescence Cutaneous Mucormycosis may look like blisters or ulcers and the infected area may turn black.
- Pain.
- Warm.
- Swelling around the wound.
Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis :
- Stomach ache.
- Nauseous vomit.
- Gastrointestinal bleeding.
Symptoms of Disseminated Mucormycosis :
- Disseminated mucormycosis usually occurs in people who are already sick because of another medical condition, making it difficult to know the symptoms associated with mucormycosis.
Classic symptoms of Mucormycosis ➡️ Rapid onset of tissue necrosis with or without fever.
Diagnosis.
Definitive Diagnosis ️➡️ Mucormycosis is established by histological evidence or positive culture from the specimen at the site of infection.
Rapid recognition, diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment are the keys to a good prognosis for the patient.
Treatment.
Suspected Mucormycosis ➡️
- Anti-fungal therapy. ️
- Amphotericin B lipid 5 mg/kg echinocandin.
- Continue therapy for 2-3 weeks to see the response to therapy.
Staging the degree of disease ️➡️
- The clinical examination of the radiographs is extensive in search of disseminated signs.
- Consider bronchoscopy, biopsy of suspicious lesions of the skin, sinuses, hard palate.
Surgical consultation ️➡️
- Immediately do a Rhino-Orbital disease examination.
- Risk value : benefit to targeted vs extensive resection and/or debridement.
Reversal risk factors ️➡️
- Hyperglycemia Control.
- Corticosteroid rapid retargeting.
- Postpone administration of immunosuppressive therapy.
Clinical and radiographic.
Clinical and radiographic improvement ➡️
- Start Posaconazole 800 mg/day in divided doses and stop the antifungal after 3-5 days.
- Confirm absorption of Posaconazole by checking serum levels after 5-7 days of therapy.
- Repeat monitoring of drug levels in blood serum to confirm if malabsorption is suspected.
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