Examination of clinical symptoms.
- Gastrointestinal is to determine the cause of symptoms and infection with helicobacter pylori.
- The diagnostic test for helicobacter pylori infection is not recommended in children with functional abdominal pain.
- Helicobacter pylori examination should be considered in children with a family history of gastric cancer.
- Examination of helicobacter pylori infection can be considered in children with refractory zink deficiency anemia.
There is no evidence that helicobacter pylori infection is causally related to :
- Otitis media.
- Upper respiratory tract infections.
- Periodontal disease.
- Food allergies.
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Diagnosis.
- Gastric biopsy (antrum and corpus) for histopathological examination.
- Positive histopathology.
- The urea test is fast positive.
- Positive culture.
- Urea-13C (UBT) breath test : a non-invasive test to determine whether helicobacter pylori has been eradicated.
- Validated enzyme-related immunosorbent test (ELISA): detection of stool helicobacter pylori antigens.
- Antibody detection tests (immunoglobulin G [IgG], immunoglobulin A [IgA]) against helicobacter pylori in serum, blood, urine and saliva cannot be used in clinical settings.
- Doctors wait at least 2 weeks after stopping proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and 4 weeks after stopping antibiotics to conduct biopsy and noninvasive (UBT, stool test) helicobacter pylori.
Eradication of organisms is recommended if :
- Helicobacter pylori is positive in peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
- Helicobacter pylori infection was detected by a biopsy-based method in the absence of peptic ulcer disease.
- Test and treat strategies are not recommended for children.
Treatment.
- Treatment is preferred for patients with helicobacter pylori infections who have a family history of gastric cancer.
- Monitoring the level of antibiotic resistance of helicobacter pylori strains in children and adolescents is recommended in various countries and geographical regions.
First-stage eradication regimen:
- Triple therapy with PPI + amoxicillin + imidazole.
- PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin.
- Bismuth + amoxicillin + imidazole.
- Sequential therapy.
Antibiotic sensitivity test for clarithromycin :
- Conducted prior to the initial administration of clarithromycin in areas that have a high resistance level (> 20%) helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin.
- The duration of triple combination therapy is 7 to 14 days.
Non-invasive testing for eradication is recommended at least 4 to 8 weeks after the completion of therapy.
If treatment fails, there are choices of action :
- EGD with culture and sensitivity tests, including alternative antibiotics if not done before therapy.
- In Situ Fluorescence Hybridization (FISH) in paraffin biopsy, if clarithromycin sensitivity testing has not been performed.
- Modify therapy by adding antibiotics.
- Use a different antibiotic.
- Add bismuth.
- Increase the dose or duration of therapy.
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