Acute transfusion reactions occur < 24 hours after transfusion.
The symptoms.
- Fever.
- Shivering.
- Tachycardia.
- Hypertension.
- Hypotension.
- Passed out.
- Flushing.
- Urticaria.
- Bone pain.
- Muscle ache.
- Chest pain.
- Abdominal pain.
- Nausea.
- Breathlessness.
- Malaise.
Clinical check :
- Check the patient's identity.
- Check blood compatibility labels.
- Visible blood.
Look for signs and evidence, such as :
- Airway Breathing Circulation which is life threatening.
- Mistaken blood type transfused.
- Blood contamination.
Symptoms ➡ stop transfusion ➡ re-assessment ➡ is it deadly? ➡ yes ➡ call for assistance ➡ Airway Breathing Circulation resuscitation ➡ maintain IV line ➡ TTV monitor ➡ If bleeding is most likely NOT to cause hypotension ➡ stop transfusion ➡ check if there is a possibility of anaphylaxis or bacterial contamination ➡ start antibiotics ➡ report it to the blood bank or the nearest PMI.
Symptoms ➡ stop transfusion ➡ re-assessment ➡ is it deadly? ➡ no ➡ moderate ➡ temperature ≥ 39°C or increase ≥ 2°C ➡ other symptoms, other than pruritus / rash ➡ TTV and UO monitors.
Symptoms ➡ stop transfusion ➡ re-assessment ➡ is it deadly? ➡ no ➡ mild ➡ temperature ≥ 38°C or increase 1-2°C ➡ symptoms are only pruritus / rash ➡ continue transfusion at a slower rate ➡ symptomatic therapy.
Febrile Non-Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNTR).
- Antipyretics (Acetaminofen): do not give aspirin.
- If you shiver, give Meperidine.
- Further transfusion with leukoreduction, washed PCR.
Acute Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR).
- Stop blood transfusion.
- Maintain IV line.
- Analgesic.
- Maintain UO > 1 ml/kg/hour.
- Diuretics (Furosemide).
- If hypotension: low dose dopamine.
- Blood component transfusion to anticipate bleeding.
Allergic and anaphylactic reactions.
Mild allergies ➡
- Antihistamines.
- Continue the transfusion slowly after symptoms improve.
Anaphylaxis ➡
- Adrenaline 0.5 ml 1: 1000 SC/IM.
- Antihistamine chlorphenamine 10 mg IM/IV.
- Hydrocortisone corticosteroid 200 mg IM/IV.
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI).
- Oxygen therapy.
- Intubation.
- Mechanical ventilation as needed.
- Vasopressors as needed.
- Symptomatic therapy.
Transfusion-associated Circulatory Overload (TACO).
- Diuretics (furosemide).
- Oxygen supplementation.
- Phlebotomy.
- Reduce fluid intake.
- Monitor TTV.
- Slow the rate of transfusion.
Air embolism.
- Position the patient in the Trendelenberg position.
- Air aspiration.
- Re-check channel IV before connecting again.
Transfusion-related Infection (Sepsis).
- Stop the transfusion.
- Give antibiotics.
- Perform the patient's blood culture.
- Perform a blood culture that is transfused.
- After the culture results are known, antibiotics are adjusted.
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